Math 352

Complex Analysis

Spring 2008

  • Homework assignments
  • Daily notes
  • Fun stuff
  • Check your scores (data last updated May 20, 2008)
  • Homework assignments

    For assignments with no problems to be submitted, a target date is given. section. For problems to be submitted, a due date is given. I'll ask for questions on this section in the class period that precedes the due date.
    Chapter Problems to do Submit Target or due date Comments
    Arithmetic 1-5 5
    1 All except 1.13 1.12 Tuesday, January 29 In problem 1.12, I did not find the phrase "use the results in 1.8" to be useful (or even meaningful, really). Perhaps I'm missing something.
    2 All 2.13 or 2.14 Tuesday, February 5 Your choice on which problem to submit.
    3 3.2, 3.3, 3.6, 3.7, 3.9 None Thursday, February 7 See daily note for Tuesday, February 5.
    3 3.11, 3.12, 3.13 None Monday, February 11
    3 3.10, 3.14, 3.16 None Monday, February 18 Look for typos in 3.10
    5 All 5.12 Friday, February 22 For 5.5, you'll need to analyze each partial derivative at (0,0) using the limit of a difference quotient.
    6 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 None Monday, February 25
    6 6.7, 6.9, 6.10 None Tuesday, February 26
    7 7.1, 7.2*, 7.3, 7.4 None Thursday, February 28 I'll start denoted certain problems with a * to indicate optional problems (that are typically more challenging).
    7 7.5, 7.6, 7.8-7.13 None Monday, March 3
    7 7.14, 7.15, 7.16 7.16 Thursday, March 6
    4 4.1 None Friday, March 7
    8 8.1-8.4, 8.15 None Friday, March 7
    9 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 None Tuesday, March 11
    10 10.1, 10.2 None Tuesday, March 25
    10 10.4, 10.5, 10.7* 10.3 Friday, March 28
    11 11.1, 11.2 None Monday, March 31
    11 11.3 11.4 None Tuesday, April 1
    13 13.1, 13.2, 13.4 None Thursday, April 3
    13 13.6, 13.8, 13.9, 13.10, 13.11 None Monday, April 7
    14 14.1, 14.4, 14.5, 14.6, 14.7*, 14.8* None Friday, April 11
    15 15.1, 15.2 None Friday, April 18
    15 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.7 None Monday, April 21 In (ii)-(iv) of 15.4, D(0;1) should be H(D(0;1))
    17 17.1, 17.3, 17.4 None Thursday, April 24
    17 17.5, 17.6, 17.8, 17.9, 17.12, 17.15* None Friday, April 25 For 17.8 and 17.9, start with the odd subparts; do the even ones if you want/need more experience.
    18 18.2, 18.3, 18.4 None Tuesday, April 29 For 18.2 and 18.3, start with the odd subparts; do the even ones if you want/need more experience.
    18 18.6, 18.8 None Thursday, May 1
    20 20.1, 20.2, 20.3 None Monday, May 5
    * indicates an optional problem

    Daily notes

    Tuesday, May 6

    Topics: Exam #4
    Text: Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
    Tomorrow: Department Picnic at 4:30!

    Here's the final exam. It is due by Friday, May 16 at 10 am. If you can bring it to my office anytime before then. If I am not it, just slide it under my door.

    Monday, May 5

    Topics: review
    Text: Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
    Tomorrow: Exam #4

    Friday, May 2

    Topics: questions on Chapter 18 problems; improper integrals and principal value; further examples of complex techniques for evaluating improper integrals for real-valued functions
    Text: Section 20.3
    Tomorrow: review

    I have assigned some problems from Chapter 20.

    Thursday, May 1

    Topics: questions on Chapter 18 problems; further examples of complex techniques for evaluating improper integrals for real-valued functions
    Text: Sections 20.1-20.2
    Tomorrow: further examples of complex techniques for evaluating definite integrals

    Exam #4 will in in-class on Tuesday, May 6 from 8:00-9:20 am.

    The final exam will be take-home. I'll distribute it on Tuesday, May 6. It will be due at the scheduled time for our final exam, 10 am on Friday, May 16.

    Tuesday, April 29

    Topics: practice computing residues; complex techniques for evaluating improper integrals for real-valued functions
    Text: Sections 19.1-19.2
    Tomorrow: questions on Chapter 18 problems; further examples of complex techniques for evaluating definite integrals

    I've assigned a few more problems from Chapter 18

    Monday, April 28

    Topics: questions on Chapter 17 problems; computing residues; evaluating a certain type of definite integral
    Text: 18.5-18.12
    Tomorrow: questions on Chapter 18 problems; further examples of complex techniques for evaluating definite integrals

    Friday, April 25

    Topics: residues and the Residue Theorem
    Text: 18.1-18.3
    Tomorrow: questions on Chapter 17 problems

    Thursday, April 24

    Topics: questions on Chapter 17 problems; big "oh" notation; poles and zeros
    Text: 17.6-17.15
    Tomorrow: questions on Chapter 17 problems

    We will not cover the material on meromorphic functions in Sections 17.18 to 17.20.

    Tuesday, April 22

    Topics: Laurent expansion theorems; classifying isolated singular points
    Text: 17.3-17.9
    Tomorrow: more on Laurent series

    I've assigned a few problems from Chapter 17. I'll assign more after we develop a few more tools for efficiently anaylzing singularities.

    Monday, April 21

    Topics: questions on Chapter 15 problems; Laurent series
    Text: 17.1-17.3
    Tomorrow: more on Laurent series

    We will not cover Sections 15.12 to 15.15. Some of you will want to read Section 15.12 on analytic continuation since this technique is used in some parts of analytic number theory.

    We will also not cover Chapter 16 unless we have a bit of time left at the end of the semester.

    In class today, we started talking about the ideas in Chatper 17. I have not yet assigned problems from Chapter 17.

    Friday, April 18

    Topics: the Identity and Uniqueness Theorems
    Text: 15.6-15.11
    Tomorrow: singularities

    I'm leaving it to you to finish off the proof that we started in class of the Identity Theorem and to read the Uniqueness Theorem (which follows by applying the Uniqueness Theorem to a difference of two functions). These theorems provide another way in which holomorphic complex-valued functions differ from differentiable real-valued functions. To illustrate this, you should try to build a differentiable real-valued function of two variables that is zero only on a line segment in the plane. Contrast this with the first example in Section 15.10.

    Thursday, April 17

    Topics: nature of a function at a zero
    Text: 15.1-15.5
    Tomorrow: Identity and Uniqueness Theorems

    I mentioned in class that there are typos in the statement and proof of Theorem 15.3. The statement of the theorem has at least one typo. In the proof, references to the four equivalent statements in the theorem are messed up. You should correct these on your own. If you have questions, ask by e-mail or in class.

    I've assigned a few problems from Chapter 15.

    Tuesday, April 15

    Topics: Exam #3
    Text: Chapter 10, 12, 13, 14 (and 4 as needed for background)
    Tomorrow: zeroes

    Monday, April 14

    Topics: review
    Text: Chapter 10, 12, 13, 14 (and 4 as needed for background)
    Tomorrow: Exam #3

    The in-class component of Exam #3 will be on Tuesday from 8:00 to 9:20 am. The take-home component will be distributed at the same time and due at the start of class on Monday, April 21.

    Friday, April 11

    Topics: stumbling through questions on Chapter 14 problems
    Text: 14.1-14.8
    Tomorrow: review

    Exam #3 will have an in-class part on Tuesday, April 15 and a take-home part due Monday, April 21. The exam will cover things we've looked at since the previous exam. In the text, this corresponds to Chapters 10, 11, 13, and 14.

    Thursday, April 10

    Topics: comparing real-valued and complex-valued functions; Taylor series for a branch of log z
    Text: 14.5-14.8
    Tomorrow: Chapter 14 problems

    I'm leaving it to you to read the result in 14.7 and an application of this result in 14.8. We will not cover the ideas in the remainder of Chapter 14.

    I've assigned problems from Chapter 14. In class tomorrow, I'll give you some background that might help with Exercise 14.5.

    The in-class portion of Exam #3 will be next Tuesday from 8:00 to 9:20 am. I'll then distribute a take-home portion that will be due the following Monday.

    Tuesday, April 8

    Topics: interchanging integration and (infinite) summation; Taylor's theorem for complex-valued functions
    Text: 14.1-14.4
    Tomorrow: more on Taylor's theorem for complex-valued functions

    I'll assign problems from Chapter 14 tomorrow (Wednesday) but you can wait until after Thursday's class to look at these.

    Monday, April 7

    Topics: questions on Chapter 13 problems; "once differentiable implies infinitely differentiable"; Morera's theorem; review of Taylor series for real-valued functions
    Text: 13.7-13.8
    Tomorrow: Taylor's theorem for complex-valued functions

    I have not assigned new problems today

    Exam #3 will be next week, probably on Tuesday. It might include a take-home component.

    Friday, April 4

    Topics: Liouville's Theorem; Cauchy's integral formula for the nth derivative
    Text: 13.3, 13.9
    Tomorrow: Taylor series for complex-valued functions

    The proof of Liouville's Theorem that we looked at in class uses Cauchy's integral formula for the first derivative (CIF-1). In the text, Priestley gives a proof based on Cauchy's integral formula for the function itself (CIF-0).

    I am leaving it up to you to read the complex analysis proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra. This proof uses Liouville's Theorem.

    In class, we also worked on this handout outlining two proofs of CIF-2.

    I've assigned a few more problems from Chapter 13. The first two involve using Liouville's Theorem. The others involve using CIF-n to evaluate integrals.

    Thursday, April 3

    Topics: questions on Chapter 13 problems; Cauchy's integral formula for first derivative
    Text: 13.5-13.6
    Tomorrow: Cauchy's integral formula for the nth derivative

    I've skipped over Liouville's Theorem (13.3 in the text) and the complex analysis proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (13.4 in the text) for now. We'll come back to these once we've finished looking at Cauchy's integral formula for nth derivative.

    Tuesday, April 1

    Topics: questions on Chapter 11 problems; Cauchy's integral formula
    Text: 13.1-13.2
    Tomorrow: Cauchy's integral formula

    We will not cover the subsection "Logarithms again" in Chapter 11. We will also not cover the "advanced track" in Chapter 12 other than what we discussed in class yesterday.

    Monday, March 31

    Topics: various versions of Cauchy's theorem; the deformation theorem
    Text: 11.9-11.11
    Tomorrow: Cauchy's integral formula

    In class, we looked at a handout summarizing various versions of Cauchy's Theorem. We will routinely use Version 1C that is a bit stronger than what Priestley proves (essentially Version 1B). That is, we will use simple closed paths where Priestley restricts to closed contours.

    We will take similar liberties with the deformation theorem. The version we looked at in class is a bit stronger than (1) and (2) of the result Priestley states and proves in 11.9. In similar fashion, we will use a version of (3) with general paths in place of circline paths. As a result, a problem such as 11.4 is much easier. On other other hand, it wouldn't hurt to restrict yourself to Priestley's version of (3) and to then follow the hint in 11.4.

    Friday, March 28

    Topics: review of "the other" FTC from single and multivariable real analysis; "the other" FTC for complex analysis; antiderivative existence theorem
    Text: 11.3-11.7
    Tomorrow: deformation theorem

    In class, I distributed a handout on "the other" FTC for single and multivariable real analysis (i.e, from first and third semester calculus).

    In Section 11.6, Priestley generalizes Cauchy's Theorem from the version we proved for triangle paths to a version for closed contours. Remember that, for Priestley, contour means a path that is the join of line segments and circular arcs. I'll briefly describe the proof of this generalization in class on Monday without going into full detail.

    I've assigned a few problems from Chapter 11 and will assign more after class on Monday.

    Thursday, March 27

    Topics: Jordan curve theorem; a version of Cauchy's theorem
    Text: 4.6, 11.1-11.2
    Tomorrow: consequences of Cauchy's theorem

    Tuesday, March 25

    Topics: questions on Chapter 10 problems; the estimation theorem
    Text: 10.10-10.11
    Tomorrow: Cauchy's theorem

    Monday, March 24

    Topics: integrals for complex-valued functions
    Text: 10.1-10.9, 4.2-4.3
    Tomorrow: more details on integrals for complex-valued functions

    Some technical details on curves and paths are given in Chapter 4 of our text. Note that what Priestley calls a path is called a contour in many other references. Priestley reserves the word contour for the special case of a path that is the join of line segments and circular arcs.

    Friday, March 14

    Topics: discrete dynamical systems, Julia sets, the Mandelbrot set
    Text: Appendix A.7-A.9
    Tomorrow: integrating complex valued functions

    The applet we looked at in class is The Mandelbrot/Julia Set Applet at Boston University. There are lots of others like it available on the web. You can also find freeware with similar capabilities and more.

    Some details are available in our text in Problem 3.16 and the Appendix.

    The text I had in class is A First Course in Chaotic Dynamical Systems by Robert L. Devaney.

    Enjoy your break!

    Thursday, March 13

    Topics: Exam #2
    Text: Chapters 5, 6, 7, 4 (first part), 8 (first part), 9
    Tomorrow: fun with fractals

    Tuesday, March 11

    Topics: some review; more examples of choosing a branch; branch points at infinity
    Text: Chapters 5, 6, 7, 4 (first part), 8 (first part), 9
    Tomorrow: Exam #2

    In class, Alex asked about doing an example of choosing a branch for something involving a cube root. I've written a handout with some details and an example.

    At the very end of class, I defined branch point at infinity and gave a quick example. You don't need to use this concept but it can make analysis of branch cuts more efficient. If a multifunction has a branch point at infinity, then at least one branch cut in the form of a ray will be needed to define a branch. If a multifunction does not have a branch point, then a ray is not needed.

    In class yesterday, we looked at examples of choosing a branch cut for each individual factors of a multifunction and then asked what overall branch cut resulted. In many cases, it is enough to pick the overall branch cut(s) without being specific about how to pick a branch cut for each factor.

    Exam #2 will be next Thursday from 8:00 to 9:20 am. It will cover material we have looked at since the previous exam. In the text, this is Chapters 5, 6, 7, first part of 4, first part of 8, 9.

    Monday, March 10

    Topics: questions on Chapter 4, 8 problems; more details on choosing a branch cut
    Text: 9.1-9.11
    Tomorrow: last details on branch cuts; some review

    We've covered most of the ideas in Chapter 9, although in places I have not developed all of the technical details and notation in text.

    For Problem 9.3, I've only assigned the parts that do not involve a branch point at infinity. We'll talk about branch points at infinity tomorrow if we have time.

    Exam #2 will be next Thursday from 8:00 to 9:20 am. It will cover material we have looked at since the previous exam. In the text, this is Chapters 5, 6, 7, first part of 4, first part of 8, 9. I'll be clear tomorrow about expectations on material from Chapter 9.

    Friday, March 7

    Topics: choosing a branch cut
    Text: 9.1-9.11
    Tomorrow: more examples of branch cuts

    This second attempt at developing this material went a bit better than the first attempt, up until the final moments of class. I'll sort out our confusion over the weekend.

    Exam #2 will be next Thursday from 8:00 to 9:20 am.

    Thursday, March 6

    Topics: who really knows what I was talking about today
    Text: maybe 9.1-9.5, 9.14
    Tomorrow: multifunctions (second attempt)

    Tuesday, March 4

    Topics: local geometry of a holomorphic mapping as a function
    Text: 4.1-4.2, 8.1-8.3
    Tomorrow: multifunctions

    Chapter 4 deals with paths in the complex plane. We covered just enough of this material in class today to get a feel for tangent vectors. This ideas should be familiar from multivariable calculus.

    The main goal for today's class was to develop a general geometric interpretation for what a holomorphic function does as a mapping at a point. The main lesson is that a function f maps each tangent vector at z0 to a tangent vector at f(z0) that is scaled by a factor of |f′(z0)| and rotated by the angle arg(f′(z0)). Since all tangent vectors are scaled by the same factor and rotated through the same angle, the angle between any pair of tangent vectors is preserved under mapping by a holomorphic function. The general name for a mapping that preserves angles (but not necessarily distances) is conformal. So, we can translate our result into the statement that a holomorphic function is a conformal map.

    Only one problem, 8.15, in Chapter 8 deals directly with the geometric interpretation of f′ we've developed. I've assigned a few problems that deal with "global" geometric interpretation of complex functions as mappings. The remainder of the problems deal with aspects of Chapter 8 that we will be skipping for now.

    Monday, March 3

    Topics: complex powers; more on the geometry of cos as a mapping
    Text: 7.15, 7.17
    Tomorrow: local geometry of a holomorphic mapping as a function

    Friday, February 29

    Topics: geometry of exp and trig functions as mappings; inverse mappings
    Text: 7.10-7.16
    Tomorrow: complex powers

    In class, we've talked about most of the ideas from Chapter 7 except for the definition of complex powers. Complex powers are introduced in 7.15 with more details in 7.17. We'll discuss these ideas on Monday.

    Thursday, February 28

    Topics: questions (but not answers) on Chapter 7 problems; the complex trig and hyperbolic function
    Text: 7.5-7.9
    Tomorrow: more properties of complex exp, trig, hyp functions

    I'll try to come up with an argument for the first inequality in Problem 7.3 (ii).

    I'll assign more problems from Chapter 7 after class tomorrow.

    Tuesday, February 26

    Topics: questions on Chapter 6 problems; the complex exponential function
    Text: 7.1-7.4
    Tomorrow: more elemenatary functions defined as power series

    Monday, February 25

    Topics: intuition for series convergence; differentiation of power series
    Text: 6.7-6.11
    Tomorrow: elemenatary functions defined as power series

    Friday, February 22

    Topics: questions on Chapter 5 problems; power series
    Text: 6.3-6.6
    Tomorrow: differentiation of power series; elemenatary functions

    I've assigned a few problems from Chapter 6. I'll assign more after class on Monday.

    Thursday, February 21

    Topics: comment on Chapter 5 problems; series
    Text: 6.1-6.3
    Tomorrow: power series

    Tuesday, February 19

    Topics: Cauchy-Riemann equations; holomorphic functions; constancy theorem
    Text: 5.3-5.13
    Tomorrow: questions on Chapter 5 homework; power series

    Monday, February 18

    Topics: questions on Chapter 3 homework; differentiability
    Text: 5.1-5.2
    Tomorrow: Cauchy-Riemann equations; holomorphic functions

    I've only assigned one problem from Chapter 5 so far. More to come after we get further into this material in class tomorrow.

    Friday, February 15

    Topics: the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem; consequences of continuity; sequences defined by function iteration
    Text: 3.22-3.25
    Tomorrow: differentiation

    I've assigned a few more problems from Chapter 3 that deal with some of the ideas we discussed today.

    We will be skipping over Chapter 4 for now. We'll come back to this material when we need it.

    Thursday, February 14

    Topics: Exam #1
    Text: Chapters 1-3
    Tomorrow: sequences defined by iteration

    Since the exam seemed a bit long, I'm assigning Problem 10 to be done on a take-home basis. Here's a copy of the exam for reference. This will be due at the beginning of class tomorrow (Friday). You are to work on this problem without using any references (including our text) or other assistance.

    Tuesday, February 12

    Topics: questions on Chapter 3 problems; subsequences
    Text: 3.16-3.21
    Tomorrow: Exam #1

    Exam #1 will be Thursday, February 14 from 8:00 to 9:20 am. Note that we will start earlier than our usual class session. Everything we have discussed in class or that is covered in Chapters 1 through 3 of the text is fair game.

    Monday, February 11

    Topics: more on limits and continuity of functions
    Text: 3.16-3.21
    Tomorrow: set properties preserved by continuous functions

    Exam #1 will be Thursday, February 14 from 8:00 to 9:20 am. Note that we will start earlier than our usual class session. Everything we have discussed in class or that is covered in Chapters 1 through 3 of the text is fair game.

    Friday, February 8

    Topics: continuity of functions; limits of functions
    Text: 3.16-3.21
    Tomorrow: more on limits and continuity of functions

    In class, we talked about continuity of functions before looking at limits of functions. In the big picture, continuity is a special case of limits.

    I've assigned a few more problems from Chapter 3

    Thursday, February 7

    Topics: questions on Chapter 3 problems; more on limits of sequences
    Text: 3.9-3.15
    Tomorrow: limits of functions; continuity of functions

    Tuesday, February 5

    Topics: compact and connected sets in the complex plane; sequences
    Text: 3.9-3.15
    Tomorrow: limits of sequences; limits of functions

    I've assigned a few problems from Chapter 3. I'll assign more as we discuss more ideas covered in Chapter 3 over the next few days.

    For Exercise 3.3, you don't need to write out a complete proof but you should, at the least, write down a few details of how a proof would go. For a direct proof (using the definition of open), fix z0 in the given set and then write down a choice for the radius r of a disk centered at z0 that will satisfy the defining condition. At the level we will operate, you don't need to write out the full details of showing that your choice of r does in deed satisfy the defining condition.

    For Exercise 3.7, you should make sure you understand how the sets S and T are related geometrically. Doing so should make the statement to proved very obvious. You don't need to write out a detailed proof.

    I do want everyone to get practice in developing ε-N proofs for limits of sequences (and, soon, ε-δ proofs for limits of functions). Some of you already have sufficient experience; others don't. You should either write out detailed proofs for Exercise 3.9 or be very confident that you can do so if required on, say, an exam.

    Monday, February 4

    Topics: open and closed sets in the complex plane
    Text: 3.1-3.8
    Tomorrow: compact and connected sets in the complex plane

    Friday, February 1

    Topics: questions on Chapter 2 problems; Mobius transformations
    Text: 2.13-2.18
    Tomorrow: open and closed sets in the complex plane

    The home of the video Mobius Transformations Revealed is here.

    The software 3D XplorMath is available here. You might also want to check out the Virtual Math Museum put together by the same folks who make 3D XplorMath.

    Thursday, January 31

    Topics: questions on Chapter 2 problems; the extended complex plane
    Text: 2.7-2.9
    Tomorrow: Mobius transformations

    I'll assign more problems from Chapter 2 after we talk about Mobius transformations in class tomorrow.

    You may (or should) have noticed that the Exercises section for each chapter starts with Exercises from the text. These are generally about filling in details of things stated but not proven in the text. One of the Exercises from the text for Chapter 2 asks you to prove that stereographic projection maps any circle on the Riemann sphere to circline (shorthand for circle or line) in the extended complex plane. Now, this exercise is in square brackets. In the Preface to the First Edition, our author writes "Not all students have the same mathematical background. To allow for this, I have adopted the convention that text enclosed in square brackets should be heeded by anyone to whom it makes sense but can safely be ignored by others." So, you can choose to work on this problem or not. Here's two comments that might be helpful:

    Tuesday, January 29

    Topics: more on lines and circle in the complex plane
    Text: 2.1-2.6, 2.10-2.12
    Tomorrow: the extended complex plane; Mobius transformations

    In class, we've talked about two forms for equations of circles, the "center-radius form" and the "inverse point form". Sections 2.4 and 2.5 discuss how to describe a circular arc with an equation somewhat analogous to the "inverse point form". The basis for this comes from the geometric fact I stated at the beginning of class. I'm leaving it to you to read Sections 2.4 and 2.5 and to try the problems related to these ideas.

    I've assigned a few problems from Chapter 2. These deal with understanding and manipulating various forms of equations for lines, circles, and arcs. I'll assign more problems from Chapter 2 after we have discussed the other topics in the chapter.

    Monday, January 28

    Topics: questions on Chapter 1 problems; lines and circle in the complex plane
    Text: 2.1-2.3
    Tomorrow: more on lines and circle in the complex plane

    I have not yet assigned problems from Chapter 2. If you are bored, take a look at 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3. I'll post an assignment after class tomorrow.

    Friday, January 25

    Topics: questions on Chapter 1 problems; conjugation; inequalities
    Text: 1.8-1.10
    Tomorrow: more questions on Chapter 1 problems; lines and circle in the complex plane

    Thursday, January 24

    Topics: more on polar representation; geometric interpretation of complex arithmetic; roots of polynomials
    Text: 1.2-1.7
    Tomorrow: conjugation; inequalities

    Tuesday, January 22

    Topics: course logistics; approaches to the complex numbers; Euler's formula
    Text: 1.1-1.4
    Tomorrow: geometric interpretation of multiplication; roots of polynomials

    I've put the due date for the first assignment as Thursday. Normally, I will give you a bit more time between assigning a problem to submit and having it due. In this case, the problem is pretty straightforward. Come talk with me today or tomorrow if you have questions.

    Fun Stuff

    The Mathematical Atlas describes the many fields and subfields of mathematics. The site has numerous links to other interesting and useful sites about mathematics.

    If you are interested in the history of mathematics, a good place to start is the History of Mathematics page at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland.

    Check out the Astronomy Picture of the Day.